Fatimah O. Alghamdi

Hala A. Alamari

Abstract :

This review explores the latest advancements in 3D bioprinting technologies aimed at enabling patient-specific organ transplantation. It highlights progress in bioink development, strategies for vascularization, and cutting-edge bioprinting techniques reported between 2020 and 2025. Special attention is given to the integration of engineering principles, clinical practices, and artificial intelligence to improve precision, functionality, and biocompatibility. Although laboratory outcomes demonstrate significant promise, clinical translation remains limited due to regulatory gaps, high costs, and ethical challenges. Both bottom-up and top-down approaches are critically evaluated using a qualitative secondary analysis. The review emphasizes the urgent need for standardized protocols, interdisciplinary collaboration, and scalable manufacturing techniques to bring bioprinted organs into clinical application. Finally, it outlines future research directions focusing on vascularization, immune modulation, and long-term organ functionality.